Essay on the May 4th Movement

Geoffrey Lee 6. 16 Macedonia History Essay To what extent do you agree with the assertion that May 4th 1919 was one of the most significant dates in Chinese history. The May 4th movement in 1919 was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent. This essay will attempt to justify this claim by explaining the short-term effects of the M4M and more importantly the long-term effects. The year 1919 is a significant year as it was the year right after World War 1 (WW1) had ended; hence many war-settlement treaties were signed. One of these would be the Treaty of Versailles (TOV) which involved China.The M4M was a movement that had begun from the rise of sentiments of democracy and nationalism. Previously, China had been ruled by a single ruler where traditional culture and Confucianism dominated the nation. However after WW1 and the influx of western ideas and ideologies, thus many youth in China begin to call for a demolition of the previous culture and Confucianism, and t o replace it with a new culture and direction. This movement was headed by large forms of mass advertising through the use of the New Youth and many other magazines.This increase of national sentiments led to the Chinese demanding that their government to oppose the Japanese 21 demands on Yuan Shikai’s government and it also saw the emergence of the new merchants and labour class. With all these demonstrations and national sentiments, China was in a period of disorder and lawlessness, which was similar to that during the warlord era in the 1800s. In the short-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a small extent as it resulted in many strikes and demonstrations throughout China to occur.Students demonstrated in the capital of Beijing while many other occupants such as shopkeepers, industrial workers and other urban employees joined in the strikes and demonstrated in other key cities in China such as in Shanghai. The demonstration also saw a nationwide boyc ott of Japanese goods in an attempt to show Yuan Shikai to reject the Japanese demands to make China a Japanese protectorate. Also, the government of China was forced into rejecting the terms of the TOV which angered the West. This resulted in massive violence throughout the nation which did theChinese no good and it aggravated ties between China and the West. In the long-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent as it resulted not only in many cultural changes, but most importantly; it changed the political scene in China. The M4M gave birth to political activism where the people called for the end of a single ruler, but instead to have a democratic government. This surge of political activism was propelled by the education of the youths who believed that they would transform China.The youths emphasized heavily on the destruction of China’s traditional culture which was based on Confucianism, and they assumed that Western thought and civi lisation was the way forward. This led to the reorganisation of the Guomindang (GMD) which saw Sun Yatsen calling on the Soviet Union. This also led to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP was founded as a result of the increased appeal of Marxism-Leninism, which proved to be very successful in the Soviet Union.These 2 political groups would later take over the whole of the Chinese political scene and would later oppose one another in their attempt to dominate the Chinese government, which would result in massive killings of one another. However these 2 parties would combine forces during the World War 2 (WW2) period to fight off the Japanese imperialism which ensured that China would not fall into the hands of the Japanese. Hence this proved that the M4M was indeed a significant date in the history of China to the largest extent.In conclusion, it can be agreed that the M4M was one of the most significant dates in the history of China simply due to the fact tha t it was through the M4M that both the GMD underwent a massive reform, and at the same time, the birth of the CCP was witnessed. The combination of these 2 factors proved to be significant as without the formation of either party, China would have suffered much more detrimentally in WW2 as it was only through the surge of nationalism of the Chinese, and the combined forces of the GMD and the CCO that China managed to fight off the Japanese.

Supply and Demand- a Case Study Milk Price

The market supply and demand curve above shows the milk price support problem. In order to solve the milk surpluses in the market, the government should take the steps to increase the market demand to the milk products by exploring overseas markets. For instance, the government should export the milk surpluses abroad. This would cut the cost of storage for milk products and encourages the local dairy farmers continue in dairy business. b. The small dairy farmers would prefer the proposal 4 because it benefits them the most through the buyout program.This program encourages small dairy farmers to switch from dairy business to another business. The rewards from government can be used as capital to start a new business. c. For consumers, they would prefer the proposal 2. Since the consumers are also the taxpayers, the dairy price support program is very costing to taxpayers. By eliminating the price support program, the consumers can enjoy the lower price of milk and the taxes to purcha se unsold milk products can used to support other domestics goods that would be more benefits the consumers. d.The member of Congress who is concern about the welfare of community will look with favor on the proposal 2. Since they investigated that the market for milk is a competitive market. Without the government intervention, the market equilibrium price for milk is set by the market demand and supply. For the benefits of consumers and taxpayers, they would enjoy a lower milk price than price floor. The problem of the farmers can be solved by increase the demand for dairy products, such as exports the milk surpluses abroad and promote the local brand of milk products to consumers. Question 2 a. When YED = 2,Income Elasticity of Demand, YED= Percentae change in quantity demandedPercentage change in income 2= ? Qd %12% ? Qd %=24 % The quantity demanded for personal computer increases 24% as the customer’s income have risen by 12%. So, in order to meet my current inventory to the increase of quantity demanded by 24%, the price of personal computer should be increased. When PED = 0. 5, Price Elasticity of Demand, PED= Percentage change in quantity demandedPercentage change in Price 0. 5= 24 %? Price % ? Price %=48 % ? The price of personal computer should be increase by 48% so that the quantity demanded will approximately equal my current inventory. . i. To determine the price elasticity of demand, PED= ? Qd %? Price % PED=4. 3 %0. 25/1. 25? 100 PED=4. 3 %20% PED=0. 125 ? When the price increased $0. 25 to $1. 50, an increase of 20%, the quantity demanded declined 4. 3%, the price elasticity of demand for subway rides is 0. 125. The elasticity is less than 1, so that the quantity demanded moves proportionately less than the price, demand is said to be inelastic. ii. Since the demand can be considered as the inelastic, the riders are less sensitive to the fare rises and there would probably because of no substitute way for riders in short period.Hence, th e Transit Authority’s revenue increases as the fare rises. iii. From the estimation, the demand for subway rides is inelastic in short run. The estimation might be unreliable because of the data gathered is only first month after the fare rises. After a longer period, the riders may choose not to use subway and find another way of transportation which is more economical to them. The switch of riders to substitute way of transportation means the quantity demanded for subway decreases. So, when the fare rises, the quantity demanded declines gradually, the price elasticity of demand would be higher and more elastic. . As a clever entrepreneur, it is important to measure how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to changes in consumer’s income. During the prosperity periods, the consumer’s income is higher, they would demand for normal goods and less demand for inferior goods. In periods of depression, the consumer’s income decreases leads to an incre ase of quantity demanded for inferior goods because their purchasing power is low. If the entrepreneur understands that inferior goods have negative income elasticity (Mankiw, 2007), he would probably switch his business to sell inferior goods.For example, a used-car seller who might sell branded luxury cars during prosperity periods. However, during depression periods, he might switch to sell low-cost cars in order to sustain his business. In conclusion, the statement is valid. Question 3 a. Diminishing returns to a single factor are observable in all production processes at some level of inputs. The ‘law of diminishing marginal productivity’ is defined as the marginal product of an input is the additional output generated by employing one more unit of the input, all other inputs held fixed.The extra output, or returns, to the single input diminish because all other inputs are held fixed. One of the factors is capital. For example, as the stock of capital rises, the ex tra output produced from an additional of capital falls (Mankiw, 2007). Returns to scale are different from the returns to a single factor. Returns to scale are proportional increases in all inputs. While each factor in production process generates diminishing returns, the output may more than double, less than double, or exactly double when all the inputs are doubled.The distinction again is that with returns to scale, all inputs are increased in the same proportion and no input is held fixed. b. In filling a vacant position, we should be concerned with the marginal product of the last worker hired because the marginal product measures the effect on output, or total product, of hiring another worker. It helps us to determine the revenue generated by hiring another worker and compared it to the cost of hiring another worker. This comparison shows that whether the hiring would help to increase the production.The point at which the average product begins to decline is the point where average product is equal to marginal product. Although adding more workers results in a further decline in average product, total product continues to increase, so it may still be advantageous to hire another worker. When average product declines, the marginal product of the last worker hired is lower than the average product of previously hired workers. c. The isoquant identifies all the combinations of the two inputs which can produce the same level of output. The curvature of the isoquant is measured by the slope of the isoquant at any given point.The slope of the isoquant measures the rate at which the two inputs can be exchanged and still keep output constant, and this rate is called the marginal rate of technical substitution. Along the typical â€Å"bowed-in† or convex isoquant, the marginal rate of technical substitution diminishes as you move down along the isoquant. SECTION B Question 4 a. To find the equilibrium price and quantity, Qd=Qs 100-5P=5P 10P=100 P=10 When P = 10, Q=5P Q=510 Q=5 ? Equilibrium price is $10, equilibrium quantity is 50 units Price of Negext, $ Market Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 50 0 10 Supply Demand 20Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus Graph 2 The Negext Market Supply and Demand Consumer Surplus=12 ? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 Producer Surplus=12? $10 ? 50 =$ 250 Total Surplus=Consumer Surplus+Producer Surplus Total Surplus=$250+$250 =$ 500 ? The consumer surplus is $250, the producer surplus is $250 and total surplus is $500. b. When 50 units of Negext are produced, Total Cost of Pollution=50 ? 4 ? $1 =$ 200 The sellers would impose $4 for each units of Negext, so the price for Negext is $14. Total Surplus=$ 500-$200 =$ 300 ? The total surplus after taking into account the cost of pollution, it reduces to $ 300. . We can use total surplus to measure the welfare of buyers and sellers in Negext market. If the society banning Negext, no demand from buyers, Negext will run out of business, the society is not in economic well - being. Both buyers and sellers do not enjoy any welfare from banning. When the total surplus is zero, the total market welfare is zero as well. d. Under the government restriction, the market only can produce 25 units of Negext. (100 units of pollution ? 4 units of pollution are emitted each Negext is produced= 25 units of Negext can be produced) Qs=25 units 00-5 P=25 P=$ 15 ? The new market equilibrium when the quantity 25 units and price is $ 15. Since the minimum cost to produce one unit of Negext is $5 (assuming the cost of production per Negext is $1 and cost of pollution is $4), so the supply of Negext decreases to zero when the price falls below $5. Graph 3 shows the Negext market after the restriction. This restriction limits the production to 25units and the price rises to $15. The consumer surplus decreases to $62. 50, producer surplus is $312. 50, and pollution cost is $100. The total surplus falls $275.In short, this policy is not recommended because it reduces the tot al market welfare. Graph 3 The Negext Market Supply and Demand after the government restriction. Price of Negext, $ New Market Equilibrium Quantity of Negext, Units 0 Supply Demand 20 Producer Surplus 15 Consumer Surplus 25 5 Consumer Surplus=12? $5? 25 =$ 62. 50 Producer Surplus=12? ($10+$15)? 25 =$312. 50 Total Cost of Pollution=25 units Negext? 4 units pollution ? $1 =$ 100 Total Surplus=$ 62. 50+$312. 50-$100 =$275 e. The consumers and producers should bear the $2 tax respectively. Inverse Demand : P=18-15QInverse Supply :P=-2+15Q NEW Qd=90-5P NEW Qs=-10+5P Qd=Qs 90-5P=-10+5P P=10 Q=90-5(10) Q=40 units Refer to Graph 4, the market is in equilibrium when price is $10 and quantity, 40 units. However, the actual price paid by the consumers is $12 and the producers receiving price of $8. The tax revenue is $160. The consumer surplus is $160, producer surplus is $160, and total pollution cost is $160. The total surplus increases to $320. So, this policy is highly recommended because the increases of total market welfare that benefits all the society members.Graph 4 The Neget Market after government imposes tax. Price of Negext, $ Quantity of Negext, Units 40 0 10 Supply Demand 20 12 8 Tax Revenue=$4? 40 =$160 Consumer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Producer Surplus=12? $8? 40 =$160 Total Cost of Pollution=40? 4? $1 =$100 Total Surplus=$160+$160+$160-$160 =$320 f. When the cost of pollution is higher than $1, the total surplus decreases. The price paid by the consumer increases, the consumer surplus decreases. Then, it would affect the society well-being, especially the welfare of consumer is violated. This leads the consumers banning Negext.Moreover, if the production of Negext emit such high pollution to environment, the society should ban Negext for the safety and health of society. REFERENCES Smith, 2007. Chapter 6 answers (Online) Available From : http://www. coloradocollege. edu/Dept/EC/Faculty/Smith/EC2070102/chap_06answers. htm (Accessed : 16 July 2011) Wmich. Edu. 2010. Assignments In Class (Online) Available From : http://homepages. wmich. edu/~u5nwaogu/In%20Class%20Assignments/Inclass_3. pdf (Accessed : 16 July 2011) Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2007). Principles of Economics, 4th Edition. USA: Thomson South – Western. pp97-99, 559-562

Foreign policies in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign policies in the Middle East - Essay Example (Wright, Robin 212) defines the foreign policy, also referred to as foreign policy relations, as self-interest stratagems picked by a nation to safeguard its national welfares and to accomplish goals within its international association’s ambiance. The tactics are strategically engaged to interrelate with other countries. The research on such strategies is known as foreign policy analysis. Due to the excavating level of transnational activities and globalization, the nation will also require to interact with other actors so that the country can achieve its economic and social goals. The above-mentioned interaction is monitored and evaluated in efforts to maximize reimbursements of multilateral international collaboration (Wright, Robin 213).There are various ways through which countries relate. The most common agenda on establishment of foreign policies by any given country is to achieve the economic goals. Other goals include social-political development and military operatio ns cooperation. There are so many factors that a country considers before establishing ties with another country. Some of these factors include religion, economic viability, and compatibility of ideologies among others. In this paper, religious factor will be taken into consideration to establish how it influences the level of cooperation among some nations.This research paper aims to scrutinize these policies as quantitatively as possible with the assistance of modern research.

China and Japan in East Asian economic development Term Paper

China and Japan in East Asian economic development - Term Paper Example In 1960, the GDP of ASEAN + 3 was approximately 40% of US GDP, with Japan contributing more than 80% of total East Asian GDP, followed by China (Mainland only), with not quite 8%. In 2000, the GDP of ASEAN + 3 was approximately 75% of US GDP, with Japan contributing more than 60% of total GDP, followed by China (Mainland only), which contributed somewhat more than 15%. Japan also leads in GDP per capita among East Asian economies, with almost US$50,000 in 2000 (at market exchange rates), followed by Singapore at US$30,000. In contrast, Mainland China’s GDP per capita was less than US$900 in 2000 (Lau, 2003, p.4) Even though politically and socially two entirely different countries, (China is a communist country whereas Japan is a democratic country), China and Japan play a pivotal role in controlling Asian economy in general and East Asian economy in particular. Even though India, South Korea etc are some other prominent economies in Asia, no other country seems to be as effec tive as China or Japan as far as the influence in Asian economy is concerned. Both China and Japan adopt different methods and philosophies for attaining economic growth. â€Å"Japan is all about the way of doing things. China is all about finding a way to do things† (The difference between China and Japan, 2007). It is often said that Japan gives more priority to quality whereas China gives more priority to quantity because of the superior quality of Japanese products and the bulk quantities of products produced by China. In other words, China tries to reap more profits with the help of bulk production and cheaper prices whereas Japan tries to grow with the help of superior products of higher prices. In the consumer world, Japan stands as a sign of quality whereas China stands as a sign of quantity. It should be noted that some of the reputed brands in global market have its origin in Japan. For example, Sony, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Honda, etc are some of the popular Japanese b rands not only in Asia, but also all over the world. At the same time Chinese products are popular for cheaper prices rather than superior quality. It is difficult for Japanese or American companies to compete with Chinese products in global markets as far as prices are concerned. In short, Japan and China play a vital role in controlling East Asian economy. This paper analyses the role of Japan and China is East Asian economic development. Role of Japan and China in East Asian economic development Japan achieved an average annual rate of growth of real GDP in excess of 10 percent during the decade of 1960-1970 (in fact, between 1955 and 1975). However, due to the two oil shocks, the average annual rates of growth in the two subsequent decades declined significantly to less than 5%. And since 1990 the average annual rate of growth has been below 2%. Despite the considerable slowdown in the Japanese economy during the past decade, China was able to achieve an average annual rate of g rowth of almost 10% over the past two decades, a performance comparable to that of Japan between 1955 and 1972) (Lau, 2003, p.7) Japan was the leading player in Asia until couple of decades before. They were instrumental in shaping the economies of many other Asian countries. They provided lavish grants and financial aids to many of the other Asian counties like South Korea, India, Vietnam, Philippines etc. In India a huge drinking water supply project is still functioning. Moreover, in the 1970’s Japan provided a Yen loan to South Koreas first subway project which helped South Korea immensely in increasing its transportation facilities. â€Å"In the subway network system project, new model subway trains, manufactured under a joint venture between Korean and foreign companies, were introduced. In the course of the joint venture, the Korean manufacturer of the subway trains learned new technology†(East Asia’s economic developm

Questionnaire and design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questionnaire and design - Research Paper Example The segmentation of the questionnaire is positive as it makes the process easier to understand. On the other hand, the dell questionnaire is complex and this may increase the non-response rate. The long questions and innumerable options in some of the questions will make the process tiresome and boring hence response error (McDaniel & Gates, 2006). This would also mean that the respondents will have to spend a long period in submitting information. Moreover, there are biased questions that will therefore impair the responses. These questions will influence the choice of answers of the respondents. A sample of a better questionnaire is provided below. Burke is an independent research firm whose services personal computer DELL computers to gather honest opinions of DELL personal computer systems have sourced. The questionnaire asks questions about DELL and on level of internet

The characteristics of performance management Essay

The characteristics of performance management - Essay Example Performance management has been promoted, researched and emphasised upon in small and large enterprises since long. The topic has evolved from much technical performance appraisal system. However, with the passage of time, increased complexity in businesses and emerging concepts of knowledge transfer, innovation, strategic human resources and greater attention on capabilities of human assets have transformed the way performance has been perceived, measured, judged and understood in organizational perspective. Even its application to subsequent HR policies and strategies has also changed drastically with the advent of information systems, international operations and establishing cultural symmetries between multinational offices of firms. In such context, it becomes essential to revisit the definitions of these two areas of HRM, chalk out differences between the two and identify reasons for prevailing confusion. Performance management can be defined as â€Å"a process for establishin g a shared understanding about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success† (Armstrong 2009). Thus, thriving on this basic definition of performance management, it can be deciphered that performance management is concerned with synchronisation of individual and organizational goals, setting up of expectations, duties and responsibilities and providing for the development of employees through a modification in their attitude, work behavior, skills and abilities. The characteristics of performance management can now be charted out. Armstrong (2009) next opines that performance management system is the sum total of five basic elements- agreement, dialogue, measurement, feedback and reinforcement. Agreement takes place between what organizations want to achieve with the help of contribution of its employees and what employees want to achieve with the help of organizational culture, stru cture and policies. Dialogue is the sharing and dissemination of ideas, data and information to and fro employer and employees. In this respect, not only the managerial heads, but also line managers are responsible for the establishment of a two-way communication channel that exhibits transparency, reliability and truthfulness. Measurement of individual performance is based on continuously evolving standards, indicators and targets. Combination of these three tenets serve as foundation for constructive feedback mechanism through which employees identify their own deficiencies and shortcomings and policy makers also allow and arrange for their development and reinforcement of positive behavioural traits. Secondly, performance management is a flexible, continuous and evolving process which takes note of both past experiences and future requirements to chalk out present policies and strategies. It is not in the nature of authoritative or bureaucratic management where commands and order s follow from the upper echelons of hierarchy. Rather, it is a process done in partnership with employees themselves. As such, continuous changes in role expectations, job requirements, skills and competencies needed and other work aspects keep on surfacing out. Known by various names like merit rating, merit evaluation and others, performance appraisal is a narrower concept with respect to performance management. It is more formally and operationally focused upon evaluating the performance and work behavior of employees through the use of various rating techniques. Grote (1996:3) state that performance appraisals serve to fulfil three major objectives- one organizational and two individual. Organizations use it as a tool to determine the contribution of employees towards the achievement of

Analyze the 1992 L.A. Riots from a multi-racial perspective. Include Essay

Analyze the 1992 L.A. Riots from a multi-racial perspective. Include in your discussion sources of racial conflict and unity - Essay Example The melee of huge destruction had left the state and the country at the cross road of bewilderment. The root cause of such massive violence needs to be rationalized. The paper would be making efforts to analyze the riots. The riots had erupted after the court verdict had acquitted the four policemen who were accused of killing a black motorist, Rodney King. The peaceful demonstration in front of the Los Angeles Police Headquarter turned violent with rock throwing that later transformed into bloodied trail and widespread damage to civilian infrastructure and killing of innocent citizen. After three full days of carnage and bruised public emotions, National Guards were called in to control the violence, when the local machinery failed to curb the rising unrest. The rationalization of 92 riots is difficult for a myriad reason primarily because there was no single reason but comprised of multipronged issues that had finally catapulted into mass destruction of lives and property. The demographic geography of the region becomes one of the most compelling facets of the issue. The 70s onwards had seen rapid transformation in demographic segmentation of blacks, Latinos and other ethnic minorities. The region had become more heterogeneous with Whites population coming down to 41% in 1990. The Hispanic population increased to 37% from 15% and Asian population going from 2.5% to 10.5% (Simon, 1992). The central LA which was worst affected had seen decreasing Afro-American population and corresponding increase in Hispanic population. It is observed that upwardly mobile black population migrated to other parts of the country and made no contribution to improve the status of the community in any manner. While the Asian population was educated and relatively well placed in the society, the Blacks and Hispanics remained low educated with huge unemployment. The

The Market and Social Order Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Market and Social Order - Assignment Example As it is, a commonwealth or a civil society is imperatively necessary to administer any property regime. There must be collective national standards (Sen, 1996, pp. 148-163). As a matter of fact, the free market system necessitates an array of public institutions and standards to shore it up (Fried, 1998). From this standpoint, the free enterprise system is in itself a type of "commons regime," that is, a collaborative undertaking to improve and develop well-being founded on rights of private property, contracts and market exchange. The concept that some types of property are intrinsically public has its origin in Roman law (Lee, 1956, pp.109-110). Some forms of property, the Romans believed, due to its nature and character, should not be under individual ownership and control. These types of property were called res extra commercium, in contrast, properties that could only be used in common because they were indivisible (e.g. waterways, ocean, land) were known as res communes. Derived from this belief, courts came up with a unique line of "public trust" analysis to categorise certain forms of property, like natural r... nd" pertained to deep seabed minerals, human genetic structures, the global atmosphere and other resources that should not lawfully be appropriated by any one individual or state (Buck, 1998). The Enclosure Movement in England The allegory of market enclosure was taken from the enclosure movement in England, which took place several times beginning in the late 1400s, specifically in the 1500s and during the Industrial Revolution. All throughout the Middle Ages, the conventional use of land was known as the open-field system, wherein arable lands were not fenced and jointly managed by everyone in the community. Peasants communally held rights to sizeable sections of meadow, moorland and forests. The commons utilised these to feed geese/sheep/cows, grow crops, furnish firewood and peat, and cultivate beehives and fruit trees (Williams, 1973, pp.96-110). As a means of supervising and handling lands in stable, pre-modern communities, the common lands did not lend themselves to new, more productive processes of agriculture. With these lands being employed for survival and not market purposes, the incentives were visible. Nevertheless, the lands were an important communal resour ce for coping with daily needs in many communities - and a complementary resource in other villages. Likewise, these lands had emotional and psychological significance to the villagers because these were community resources of which they had some direct measure of control. As the landed classes of England realised that wealth could be had by developing common lands, they began to push Parliament to permit the seizure of the lands, on the pretext that there is a need of "improving" them. Basically, enclosure appealed to these proto-capitalists because fresh breeding procedures for sheep made

Critical annotated bibliography consisting of eight academic-level

Critical consisting of eight academic-level - Annotated Bibliography Example The constant advances in digital technology also have made available a wide variety of devices such as I-pads, I-pods, smart phones etc that enable people to easily get connected to the internet due to which they constantly remain engaged with computers, internet and other devices. From desktops to laptops to handheld devices such as smart phones, modern technology has evolved at a tremendous pace and the ease and speed with which one can connect to internet encourages people especially youngsters to remain engaged with these devices for entertainment, communication, business and social networking. Thus, the modern humans have acquired a kind of overreliance on technology for every activity, which has made them addicted to it. The issue of addiction to computer and internet is more significant in the case of youngsters as this habit affects not only their studies and social life but health also. While computer and internet technologies have a lot of positive impacts on the modern world, they also have some negative effects on people especially youngsters. Due to the over indulgence with computer, internet and social networking, the youngsters today spend a lot of time in the cyberspace. This prevents them from engaging in healthy social interaction, physical activities etc apart from consuming a lot of their time, which they could otherwise have spent on studies or other creative activities. Thus, the issue needs to be investigated to understand the actual consequences of the problem and to suggest some remedial measures. This study intends to evaluate the problem of overindulgence of youngsters in the modern day with computer, internet and social networking activities. It will attempt to determine the impacts of this on their education, social life as well as health and suggest recommendations to regulate the use of internet and

Financial crisis regulatory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial crisis regulatory - Essay Example Robert Shiller examined the controversy of the global economic crisis and its management and raised prudent arguments about the practice. The economist argues that democratization of finance provides an ideal strategy of managing the contemporary and future economic crisis. Some analysts support Shiller’s perspective while others have criticized his ideology. Interestingly, few economists argue that the financial regulations adopted by the OECD countries are sufficient in containing financial crisis (Gray & Akseli, 2011 p. 2). Considering the magnitude of the idea of global financial crisis management, there is a need of developing knowledge of ideal approaches of managing the problem. This article provides an analysis of the debate started by Shiller concerning democratizing finance while comparing the argument with the types of regulatory measures practiced by the OECD countries. The Shiller’s perspective on financial crisis Shiller explores the importance of moral re putation of finance institutions in management of economic crisis. After the 2008 global economic recession, anger expressed itself in objections around the world. People constantly criticized how powerful profit oriented social-economic procedures have influenced financial institutions. The Occupy movement staged serious actions challenging the relationship between the government and businesses. A clear insight was that individuals responsible for the crisis would revitalize their moral reputations by adopting acceptable financial procedures (Kroszner, Shiller & Friedman, 2011 p. 4). Shiller has popularized an idea that economists need to reclaim the finance for the common good instead of condemning it. He argues that finance is a powerful tool that the society can utilize in solving its problem and in developing its general welfare. The global economy needs more finance but not less and the finance should facilitate the attainment of the society’s goals (Tropeano, 2011 p. 5 ). Consequently, the analyst emphasizes the need of rethinking about finance and its responsibility in the society. Particularly, Shiller claims that financial management should not merely include the manipulation of money or control of risks but should mainly involve the stewardship of community’s assets. The economist highlights how individuals serving in the financial careers can manage, safeguard and increase the public assets. Moreover, the analyst explains how finance has contributed to the good of the society through inventions, savings accounts, mortgage and pensions. Consequently, Shillers insists that economists and policy makers should devise new strategies for rechanneling financial creativity to benefit global economies (Princeton University, 2012 p. 1). Previous regulations schemes have targeted restricting the financial sector by slowing down the development of lending or trading. However, Shiller’s alternative believes that this ideology is unproductive especially in the current dynamic industry that presents high degrees of dynamism. The Shiller’s model values the importance of creativity, personal morality, education and effect of finance on the people’s lives (Princeton University, 2012 p. 1). Shiller supports the present financial regulation system arguing that although the system is imperfect, it plays a significant role in stabilizing the global economy.

Police Administration Essay Example for Free

Police Administration Essay Since the early part of the twentieth century, academicians and criminal justice practitioners have debated whether police officers should be required to have a college education as a minimum qualification to be hired. Today, there is general agreement that a college education will not necessarily make a person a good police officer, but a good police officer can be made better by having one. Many police executives believe formal college education can improve critical thinking skills of officers and that is becoming a more important factor as the complexity of police work continues to increase. 1 According to a recent article in Police Chief Magazine â€Å"We expect (police officers) to understand and apply the law evenly. We expect them to grasp the nature of social problems and the psychology of people with different attitudes toward the law. We expect officers to professionally and effectively handle disputes involving people from varying cultural, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds.† 2 The importance of possessing a college degree by police officers seems to have substantial support in the literature. If the need or desire is established for the possession of a college degree by police officers, then how do they get one? Traditionally, a college program involved students attending classes at a â€Å"brick and mortar† campus. This was difficult for many officers that already had substantial work and family commitments. With the advent of online (internet delivered) college programs, it is possible for officers to enter or return to college and pursue a degree where previously it may not have been practical for them to do so. With that being said, does an online program sufficiently address the desirable attributes for police officers that the possession of a college degree represents? Historical Perspective for College Educated Police In 1916, August Vollmer, the former Chief of Police of Berkeley, California, was the first to emphasize the need for police officers to have college  degrees. At about the same time, the University of California at Berkeley began to offer law enforcement related courses.3 In 1931, The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (the Wickersham Commission) gave â€Å"national recognition for higher educational standards and more professional police officers.†4 Although the issue of college education for police officers was not specifically addressed, it laid the foundation for subsequent calls to increase educational levels for police. Largely due to Vollmer’s influence, the University of California at Berkeley created a School of Police Administration in 1933, followed shortly thereafter by a similar school at Michigan State University.5 In 1936, Vollmer wrote in his book, The Police in Modern Society, that police officers should be required to have a colleg e education.6 In 1967, the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice made specific recommendations regarding increasing the level of police education. This report was followed by the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, which established the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP). LEEP, in part, provided grants and loans to officers to enroll in college and earn their degrees. This infusion of money created a large incentive for institutions to develop academic programs geared toward law enforcement. As police officers began to return to or enter college, some institutions created accelerated or nontraditional programs in criminal justice. Officers could receive credit for experience in related courses and some courses were configured so officers did not have to meet as often as traditional courses. These types of programs were usually administered through the college’s extension program. Today, many public and private institutions offer nontraditional programs that are delivered in the online or e-learning format. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, in the 2000-2001 academic year, forty-eight percent of all four-year Title IV8 degree granting public institutions and thirty-three percent of four-year Title IV degree granting private institutions had degree programs for undergraduates that were to be completed totally through distance learning.9 Today there are an abundance of distance learning programs being marketed to police officers, especially online programs. The flexibility of the course schedule makes it attractive to busy students. Police officers can do their course work when it is convenient for them and some courses are designed to  be completed at the student’s own pace. Many departments have made strides in requiring some college education as a prerequisite for hiring but most have not. The high school diploma still exists as the most common minimum educational requirement. Even where departments have not required a college degree for hiring, many require or make it desirable to possess a degree for promotion. As early as 1989, the benefits to having educated officers were noted to include:10 †¢ Greater knowledge of procedures, functions, and principles †¢ Better appreciation of their professional role and it’s importance in the criminal justice system as well as in society †¢ More desirable psychological make-up, which includes such qualities as alertness, empathy, flexibility, initiative, and intelligence †¢ Greater range of interpersonal skills centered in their ability to communicate, to be responsive to others, and to exercise benevolent leadership †¢ Greater ability to analyze situations, to exercise discretion independently, and to make judicious decisions †¢ Strong moral character, which reflects a sense of conscience and the qualities of honesty, reliability, and tolerance †¢ More desirable system of personal values consistent with the police function in a democratic society Even back in 1978, though, researchers expressed reservations about the quality of criminal justice programs. The rapid increase in program offerings seemed to make some institutions gear their courses more vocationally than academically. Some recommendations were made to overcome what was perceived as major quality problems in college programs developed for police officers. In addition to perceived quality problems in criminal justice programs, there was a concern that police officers would take college courses just to get the degree. In 1979, Goldstein stated, â€Å"The factor that makes the whole movement toward college education for police personnel most vulnerable to attack is the emphasis which has been put on the acquisition of college credentials without sufficient concern for what is to be learned. Given the multitude of colleges and the number of people who attend them, the degree itself reflects little about the values or relevance of the educational experience.†11 Clearly, the need to ensure that a college program is delivering the appropriate academic curriculum is  critical. In the past, an officer attended a local school and it was more than likely regionally accredited. Today, online colleges can market themselves across the United States or even internationally, claiming accreditation from some official sounding group. Accreditation, curriculum, and instructor competence are all of critical importance in a college program. More than a decade ago, researchers articulated considerations that would be relevant as one considers the potential quality of an educational program. The recommendations included:12 †¢ No college credit should be given for police academy and similar training †¢ Technical and professional police subjects should be limited to a maximum of twenty-five percent of any curriculum †¢ A four-year baccalaureate degree should be the minimum educational qualification for entry into police service †¢ No one should be considered qualified to be a faculty member on the basis of experience alone †¢ Police education faculty should be held to the same standards as other college professors (i.e. Ph.D., master’s degree minimum; involvement in research and publication) These issues among others were discussed by a group of criminal justice related experts who were brought together in a nominal group setting to discuss online education and its potential effect on the future of law enforcement. The Nominal Group Panel As part of a California Peace Officer Standards and Training Command College project, a panel of interested professionals was formed to discuss future trends and events that may have an effect on law enforcement online educational programs in the next five years. It consisted of a Chief of Police of a medium sized police department, a professor who teaches online courses for a major public university and at a local community college, a deputy district attorney, a police officer who is a former high school teacher, a police officer who is a member of the executive board for a police officers association, the criminal justice program coordinator for the local community college, the editor of the local weekly newspaper, and a  counselor for a youth diversion program. There was consensus among the panel members that it is important for police officers to have a college education, and to possess the appropriate degree. The panel felt that a college education earned the traditional way (attending classes at a brick and mortar institution) was the best preparation for a person to be a police officer. The discussion included many of the issues published by researchers and criminal justice practitioners since the 1930’s. The panel felt it was critical for police officers to be socialized with diversified groups of people and exposed to differing viewpoints. The requisite skills of tact and diplomacy learned in a physically social environment, effective public speaking, and command presence are attributes that are learned and reinforced in a traditional educational setting. The panel recognized it may be difficult for a police officer to pursue a traditional degree due to family and work obligations. So what is this officer to do? Many of the officers returning to college or entering college for the first time have turned to online college programs. The panel concluded the flexibility of online educational programs was a tremendous opportunity for current police officers due to the demands of their course schedule. They also understood there was a proliferation of programs being marketed to police officers through police websites or law enforcement related magazines. Legitimate accreditation was a key concern about such programs. The panel members expressed that testing-retained knowledge could be problematic since testing is done in the same delivery format as coursework, and all tests were essentially open book. With regard to the value of such programs, panel members believed that a college degree earned through online programs was different than a college degree earned traditionally. The panel believed that criminal justice practitioners were overused in criminal justice programs especially in online programs. Their concern was the overall value of the college degree since true academic professors were not doing the teaching. They felt that for some disciplines, such as engineering, mathematics or history, an online program was sufficient. But when it came to being a police officer, class attendance and contact with other students face-to-face was preferred. The panel agreed, however, that much of what is done in a traditional setting could be done  online, such as submittal of written reports or studies and coursework assignments. The panel also felt that too much academic credit was given for experience in police work through online programs. The panel felt that rather than rely on a purely online program for an officer to obtain a four-year undergraduate degree, a cross or hybrid approach, with a traditional program could bring the desired benefits of both delivery methods. The Educational Hybrid Amy Fanter, a researcher in the field of hybrid education, noted that â€Å"Hybrid instruction, or hybrid courses refer to classes where there is a carefully planned blend of both traditional classroom instruction and online learning activities.†13 According to criminal justice researchers and practitioners (and supported by the expert panel) the most effective collegiate preparation for police officers are settings inclusive of a social environment. They should be exposed to other racial, ethnic, and diverse groups in an arena where ideas are broached, concepts discussed, and conflict is resolved through dialogue, research, and consensus. Many components of any particular course can be done using the online system (such as writing book reports, completing written requirements and posting of thoughts on issues). If a class was required to meet for a certain amount of time every week or every two weeks, or even once a month to be tested on retained knowledge, to be challenged by other students on stances taken on issues, to participate by speaking about issues, and so on, then the socializing of the officer can be effectively satisfied. No matter how effective, a distance learning program not offering this option will impact skills that might only be gained in this type of setting. Using a hybrid approach for coursework would allow for the flexibility of online educational programs and meet the some of the critical benefits of traditional programs. Those that may advocate for pure e-learning should remain mindful of the â€Å"soft skills† necessary for the modern law enforcement officer, and the best opportunities to acquire them. Conclusion The desire for a police officer to have a college education appears settled.  National commissions, criminal justice professional associations, academicians, attorneys, and courts have all expressed this view. The question remains; how does the individual peace officer best do it? Attending the traditional college program at a brick and mortar campus seems to be the preferred way. This method may not be practical for some officers, so the alternative of the hybrid approach should be considered. It blends many of the positives from both traditional and online programs. Certainly, there may be situations where even a hybrid approach is not practical. It seems Vollmer and many others would support an online program to gain at least the concepts and critical thinking skills a collegiate education offers. Progressive police agencies may take the lead to shape their future by entering into a partnership with a local public or private institution to develop a hybrid program to be implemented for their staff. In any case, police management should encourage officers and employees to return to college to earn their four-year degree. The result will be better staff and officers, and a better chance to meet the needs of today and tomorrow. ENDNOTES 1 Bueermann, Jim, â€Å"Redlands, California,† The Police Chief, August 2006, accessed February 1, 2007, available at www.policechiefmagazine.org 2 Bowman, Theron, â€Å"The Chief’s Perspective: Demolishing the Recruitment Myth,† The Police Chief, August 2006, accessed February 1, 2007, available at www.policechiefmagazine.org 3 Travis, Jeremy, â€Å"Education in Law Enforcement: Beyond the College Degree.† An address presented to the Center for Research in Law and Justice, Chicago, February 10, 1995, accessed December 19, 2006, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/speeches/police.htm 4 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 1 5 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 4 6 Coons, Jeffrey, â€Å"Studies, Case Law, Quotes, Standards and Trends in Support of College Education for Police Officers.† An Information Paper for the Police Association for College Education, March 18, 2004, Accessed August 18, 2007, available at www.police-association.org 7 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 1 8 An institution that may participate in most Title IV federal student financial assistance programs, National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 9, 2007, available at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/glossary/index.asp?id=465 9 â€Å"Distance Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions: 2000-2001.† National Center for Education Statistics, accessed Sept 9, 2007, available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003017.pdf 10 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 10-11 11 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 24 12 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 27 13 Fanter, Amy, â€Å"Hybrid Education: The Future of Instructional Models.,† World Wide Learn, accessed September 9, 2007, available at http://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-articles/hybrid-education.html

Crime Rates Essay Example for Free

Crime Rates Essay What we usually have in mind when we talk about the crime rates is a well known fact that crime rates are increasing. So,people who are related to this issue should try to find a solution so as to solve the problem .Up to now many countries have tried to decrease crime rates. However,many of them have failed .Everybody has a significant roles so as to decrease the crime rates such as parents and governments. First of all, it is worth bearing in mind that parents should train their children so children will not change the crime rates . Thus,crime rates will not increase . Parents should raise awareness their children because according to research conducted children who are conscious about crime do not commit a crime besides parents should not leave unattended their children because generally rambling children have amount of influence on the crime rates.Also parents should be interested in their children .Experts said that slummy person involve in a crime easily .Therefore parents take care of their children. Read more:Â  Increasing Crime Rate in Todays Society in India It is last but not least governments should make provision as fight with crimes because researchers believe that only if governments attach importance to crime rates , can they decrease the crime rates .Governments should provide equipments so as to overcome to crimes.Thanks to more equipments , governments can reduce the crime rates .Governments should be in contact with other governments because increasing of the crime rates are not seem just one government.So, they can help each other about this situation. To sum up Ä ±t should be noted that parents have a considerable amount of effect as decrease the crime rates .Nowadays every segment of society is looking for a way to solve as decrease the crime rates.

The evolution of Guerilla marketing

The evolution of Guerilla marketing The aim of this research proposal is to critically evaluate how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. This proposal will analyse the effects that the recession has had on Guerrilla Marketing and its applications within the marketing community. The project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession, so there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to achieve the projects aim. Through this research: the effects of the recession on marketing and its trends will be evaluated. the issue of Guerrilla Marketing increasing in its applications naturally over time will be considered Or whether it has increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community will be investigated The extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate will be explored. Saunders comments that research objectives are more generally acceptable to the research community as evidence of the researchers clear sense of purpose and direction. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This will be achieved through a demonstration of why the research is important and has to be conducted. The Literature Review will provide an awareness of preceding literature, a critical review of the literature concerning Guerrilla Marketing in the recession and the key issues arising from these works regarding the aim of the proposal. The Research Methodology will identify how best to conduct the research itself, whether it be through primary or secondary research and how best to analyse and interpret the results. The Proposed Time Scale will detail a timetable for conducting all aspects of the research proposal and project. From this it hoped that there will be a better understanding of how the current economic recession has impacted on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing, whether it has had to evolve at a faster rate in order to combat the ever changing marketing environment and whether possible changes in marketing budgets that companies have available have had a direct impact on this. Through the implementation of the objectives stated previously, this should be an achievable research project. Importance of the Research Jay Conrad Levinson is widely regarded as the father of Guerrilla Marketing. He has written several books on the topic. He is a former Vice President and Creative Director at J. Walter Thompson Advertising and Leo Burnett Advertising. He is also the chairman of Guerrilla Marketing International. Guerrilla Marketing is defined as Tactics available to every small firm to compete with bigger firms by carving out narrow, profitable niches. These tactics include: 1) extreme specialisation, 2) aiming every effort at favourably impressing the customers, 3) providing service that goes beyond the customers expectation, 4) fast response time, 5) quick turnaround of jobs, and 6) working hours that match the customers requirements. (Business Dictionary 2009) With the tough economic climate, companies are increasingly having to use more cost effective marketing techniques to stay ahead of the competition. This research will expand upon Levinsons previous work and relate the applications and evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to a marketing environment in a recession. Significant Prior Research/ Literature Review The review of the literature on significant prior research is crucial when carrying out a research proposal. In this case, it is important to be aware of studies or research that have been carried out previously on the topic of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. The analysis of the literature will show that people may support or disprove a particular theory or hypothesis. It is essential in the literature review to be critical, as an argument cannot be made if it just supports one standpoint. It must therefore reflect all sides and aspects of the research topic. The choice of literature to be reviewed is extremely important. It is crucial that all the sources referenced are relevant to the topic area and that they are of suitable academic standard. Several sources of previous literature will now be examined. Guerrilla Marketing During Tough Times is written by famed Guerrilla Marketing author Jay Conrad Levinson. The book is directed at business owners. This book has particular importance as it demonstrates the need for Guerrilla Marketing in increasingly tough economic environments. It comments on the need for there to be better creativity in marketing in times when there are stricter restraints on time and budgets for marketing. He comments that the guerrilla lives by different rules during tough economic times than during boom times. The guerrilla attacks when the competition retreats and the attack is concentrated where the guerrilla offers specific service or product advantages. Levinson goes onto say that retreating companies leave a void in the market, which is an ideal niche for guerrilla marketing companies. (Levinson 2006) Levinson further highlights the necessity for distinction and making the marketing unique. This book is of significance due to the importance Levinson places on being able to market in a way that is more cost effective and time sensitive than competitors. This is all made relevant to the increasingly tough economic climate he comments on which is at the heart of this research proposal. Guerrilla Marketing Easy and Inexpensive Strategies for Making Big Profits From Your Small Business is another book from Jay Conrad Levinson. This is a significant piece of literature as it highlights in great detail how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved. The book was published in 2007 and is a seminal piece in the analysis of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved in the 21st century in relation to traditional marketing methods. The book highlights how in the current economy Guerrilla Marketing combats smarter and more sophisticated competition. (Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) It details how to develop a Guerrilla Marketing plan to best deal with competitors. He further highlights the need for innovation and how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved on an ad-hoc basis through various new media such as the internet. This text supports his literature mentioned previously and is central to the aims and objectives of this proposal. Even More Offensive Marketing by Hugh Davidson provides a basis for how marketing strategies have evolved over time. It stresses the need for there to be constant innovation in marketing. Davidson comments that Offensive Marketing requires a dedication to both strategy and planning. (Davidson 1997) This book details how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved out of necessity in order for marketers to be pioneering and ahead of the competition. Although the book makes no direct reference to Guerrilla Marketing, it does provide the foundation for how it has come to play such an important role in current marketing strategies and shows the need for constant innovation in marketing. Ethnography for Marketers is a journal article from Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. This journal is a significant piece of literature as it describes how marketers have become increasingly more reliant upon Guerrilla Marketing techniques through methods such as Ethnography Marketing. It details how the marketing community is increasingly having to adopt new techniques to cope with an ever changing marketing environment. (Desai 2008) Guerrilla marketing is a journal article written by Andrew Ashwin. It is a relevant source for the proposal as Ashwin highlights the fact that guerrilla marketing is an unconventional approach to marketing and has become increasingly popular over recent years. He highlights the link between it and the fact that there are somewhat limited marketing budgets for companies, particular smaller ones. This will draw upon the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing into the recession. (Ashwin 2006) Guerrilla marketing for information services is a journal article from Guido Baltes and Isabell Leibing. The article describes how Guerrilla Marketing is an unconventional strategy. It details major differences in it from traditional marketing methods, such as cost effectiveness and the applications of Guerrilla Marketing towards information services which as time moves further into the 21st century, becomes increasingly more important. (Baltes, Leibing 2008) The IPA Bellwether Summary 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market break down as well. This is a very good source of information. (Whiteside 2009a) Hairy need not apply is a scholars article from Marketing Research which shows the practical applications of Guerrilla Marketing in the current economic climate. The article gives information on a campaign by Air New Zealand that used a Guerrilla Marketing technique in order to speed up queues at check-in order to reduce the layover time in airports, which would make the airline more cost effective. (Grapentine 2009) In order for the literature review to be comprehensive and critical of all aspects of the aims and objectives, other sources of literature that may conflict or appear critical to the literature already listed must be examined. Essentials of Marketing by Jim Blythe is a book of relevance to this research proposal as it describes the essential aspects of marketing. Blythe goes into detail regarding the marketing environment in which companies operate through methods such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis. (Blythe 2008) This provides a comprehensive account of the factors that may affect or influence which particular style of marketing companies may adopt in light of the economic recession. An example of this would include the Political and Economic effects the recession will have on the evolution or use of Guerrilla Marketing as a marketing strategy. Through the various forms of analysis Blythe can be critical of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. Levinsons message behind Guerrilla Marketing is about crushing the potential impact of competition by staying ahead of the competition, yet Blythe comments that there should be more cooperation and not as much fighting between competitors which is contrary to the previous literature from Levinson. Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning by Graham Hooley et al. is a book that is not essentially critical of the increasing use of Guerrilla Marketing as a weapon for marketers in the recession, but rather highlights alternative confrontation marketing strategies. The alternative strategies include Frontal Attack, Flanking Attack, Encirclement Attack and Bypass Strategy. (Hooley, Saunders Piercy 2004) This source is of relevance as it serves to demonstrate that Guerrilla Marketing strategies are not the only option for marketers who wish to have a high impact campaign and that there may not be a direct correlation between the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing and the recession. All the literature that has been mentioned is of direct relevance and importance to the research proposal and the aims and objectives of the report. Research Methodology This section of the research proposal is very important as it indicates how the research on the topic (A critical evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession) will be carried out. The approach adopted to the research focuses on the aims and objectives. The amount and type of data collected and through what means, will be described and its relevance to the topic clarified. The methodology provides the avenue through which results can be analysed and interpreted. Phase 1 The first phase of the methodology is to conduct a literature review. The literature review shows what prior research has or has not been carried out. It shows the extent to which research has been carried out and will help to formulate a structure for the collection and analysis of data, whether it be primary or secondary sources of data. The literature review was carried out previously, there are several seminal pieces of literature that are of specific importance to the research. Levinson has written several books on Guerrilla Marketing. He makes particular reference to the diversifying nature of the marketing environment and how Guerrilla Marketing is used as a method for attracting and keeping customers. Several other sources mentioned highlight the practical application Guerrilla Marketing with particular reference to the effect of recession and the effects it is having upon existing or traditional marketing trends. However in order for the literature review to be objective, sources have been examined that are critical of the standpoints taken by Levinson and other authors in regard to Guerrilla Marketing. The nature of this research will be inductive as it will provide the basis to fulfil the aims and objectives of the research project. The nature of the research topic is such that no clear hypothesis can be made. The data will be collected and examined and patterns will be sought within the data. The inductive approach will allow for the adoption of different research techniques that will enable the research to cater for the restrictions on time, access to information and types of analysis used to interpret the results. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The research onion below can help to show which research strategies will be used and why. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) Phase 2 In order to fully understand the research project and make it accurate, the proposal must centre on the questions that need answered and the objectives of the research. The aims and objectives are essentially the research question: The research project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. So in order to fulfil the aim of this project there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to go about achieving the aims. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. Therefore the design of the research to be carried out must reflect the type of data that will be collected and how the results will be analysed and interpreted. Extracting the right answers lies in the design approach. (Jankowicz 2005) This research will be an exploratory study of the evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. Adams and Schvaneveldt comment that exploratory research can be likened to the activities of the explorer or traveller. The major advantage with such an approach, is that it is flexible and adaptable to change. This research design allows for freedom to change direction in the light of new data or information that may appear. (Adams, Schvaneveldt 1991) Whilst the initial direction of the study may be broad, it will become narrower as the research process continues. Phase 3 The Research Strategy must address the aims and objectives of the proposal. The objectives of the proposal (below) will help to determine what level of secondary data must be analysed and interpreted in order to best show what type of primary data should be collected. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. In order to fulfil the aims and objectives of this research proposal, (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) comments that it is prudent to reanalyse data that has already been collected for some other purpose. This data is known as secondary data. Secondary data can include figures, reports and published work. With the nature of this study in relation to the recession, comparative data available from databases will be crucial. Secondary data has many advantages; the data is of high quality i.e. is peer reviewed, it can be comparative and longitudinal thus helping to show possible trends over an extended period of time. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The literature mentioned in the literature review will provide a foundation for the research. Several of the works relate directly to the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. They are known as Documentary Secondary data. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The opinions and standpoints that scholars and experts take on the area of research play a huge role in the development and refinement of the research. The quality of the data that is analysed will have a huge bearing on the validity of the research. These literary sources will provide information on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing against traditional marketing techniques. A Keynote report Direct Marketing 2009 is a very useful source of secondary data as it gives a large amount of information on the market size of the marketing industry, what sectors have been affected by the recession, how budgets have been altered and how trends have been affected by the recession. (Keynote 2009) Another Keynote report which is of great value to the research is Direct Marketing Services 2008. It gives the accounts filed for 3 years of marketing companies and agencies up to April 2007. This report will provide a lot of accurate and up to date information on marketing activities leading up to the recession. For companies to be included in the report they must generate 50% of their turnover from activities relating to the report and be of significant size within the industry. (Keynote 2008b) B2B Marketing 2008 from Keynote gives information on marketing trends and how B2B marketing compares to B2C marketing. This report will highlight possible trends that can be drawn from the research. (Keynote 2008a) The IPA Bellwether Report 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market breakdown as well. This is a very good piece of secondary data. This report will help in the drawing of conclusions from the research. (Whiteside 2009a) Recession Marketing again from WARC provides a series of articles on Recession Innovation, Consumer Behaviour, Consumer Recovery, Better Budgeting and Plans for the Downturn. These articles give particular reference to the effects of the recession on marketing trends and the evolution of offensive marketing techniques. (Whiteside 2009b) The collection of secondary data within this study should ultimately lead to the collection of primary data. The collection of primary data will be achieved through interviews. But who will be interviewed, why and what topics will be covered in the interviews relative to the aims and objectives of the research? The importance of the interview is to gather qualitative information on the research topic. A qualitative interview is a term used for unstructured and or semi-structured interviews aimed at gathering qualitative data. Qualitative data is data that does not have a direct numerical value as it has not been quantified. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) In order to gather information of the highest validity and reliability, a wide range of interviews will take place. With this in mind, the degree of access to possible interviewees plays a huge role in the interview selection. The sampling strategy for the interviews is very important. It will not be feasible to interview every marketing company within the UK or every company that has used Guerrilla Marketing within the UK. As such, the interview sample will be a non-probability sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This is because for the research to be of the highest possible validity and reliability the interviews will not be selected statistically. Since the sample must be reflective of the aims and objectives of the research, it will be a Purposive sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing have been contacted and are willing to give interviews. These representatives will give valuable insight into the developing trends within marketing. M2S Consultancy from Portadown will provide valuable insight into the area of B2B planning and marketing in Northern Ireland IAS Smarts is an advertising company that has carried out notable advertising campaigns within the non-profit sector in Northern Ireland A representative from Invest NI from will be able to provide data on the effects of offensive marketing strategies for companies in Northern Ireland and information on possible correlations within marketing in the recession Millward Brown, a marketing company in Northern Ireland that has a contract with Newtownabbey Borough Council, will provide valuable insight into the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing is a feasible marketing strategy for public sector organisations. A representative from The Institute of Practitioners in Advertising can provide valuable insight into whether the applications of Guerrilla Marketing have evolved naturally over time or in correlation to the recession. A representative from Virgin Atlantics marketing department can give information from the aspect of a company that has used Guerrilla Marketing techniques in previous campaigns . The extent to which the campaigns have been a success or failure will be relative to possible turnover figure and quarterly reports. The interviews will be non-standardised and semi-structured in format. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This format will allow for information on a wide a varying topic area to be gathered from participants who have wide ranging areas of expertise and can provide information covering the aims and objectives of the proposal. The semi-structured format will allow for the omission or inclusion of particular topics relative to each interviewee. The qualitative nature of the interviews will provide the ability to probe for in-depth information and gain a better understanding of the research collected previously from the secondary data. For the interviews to yield the best information a pilot of the interviews will be run with two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing and a representative from the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising. From the pilot, feedback will be gathered and possible changes made to interview structures and topic areas covered before the fina l interviews are carried out. The interviews will cover a broad range of topics that are ethical to the research. The topics areas will allow for the interviewees to expand on topics depending on their particular area of expertise. The topics covered will be relative to the aims and objectives. Here is a broad outline of the topics to be covered: The extent of their involvement in marketing Their role within said organisation What the organisations role is The extent of their knowledge of Guerrilla Marketing and its applications Opinions on Guerrilla Marketing in the marketing community The evolution of marketing strategiesnaturally or as a correlation with the restrictions. The extent to which traditional marketing techniques have been replaced by Guerrilla Marketing The longevity of Guerrilla Marketing Strategies The extent to which it has helped said organisation Possible marketing strategies, post-recession The effect the recession has had on said organisation and what marketing strategies have been adopted. From this qualitative research it is hoped that a sufficient amount of data can be gathered, along with the secondary data, that results can be formulated and the aims and objectives of this inductive study can be met. Phase 4 The next phase of the methodology is the analysis and interpretation of the results using the data gathered previously. The structure and nature of the secondary sources is such that, it is hoped possible trends or correlations may appear. This research is based upon qualitative research and although it has no direct numerical value, the data still needs to be interpreted and understood. The first stage is then to transcribe the interviews. The interviews will be audio recorded and then word processed. The nature in which the interviews are going to take place will require that notes are taken on interviewee appearance, attitude and facial expressions when talking about certain topics relative to the study. As the research is following an inductive and exploratory approach it is not necessary to have clearly defined theoretical framework. Instead relationships can be identified between the data and hypothesis developed to test these. Theory emerges from the process of data collection and analysis. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) go on to highlight three main ways of grouping data: Categorisation of meanings The structure of meanings, using narration The condensation of meanings. Using the three types of data processing mentioned earlier along with analytic aids such as summaries or a researchers diary, this should enable the qualitative data to be reliable and valid. From the data there should be a comprehension of the results, an integration of related data drawn from different sources, key or recurring themes should be identified for further exploration, theories should be tested based on these patterns and conclusions drawn from the results gathered. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Timetable In order to conduct the research project to the highest possible standard a timetable for the completion of each stage of the research process is crucial. The timetable has to be realistic considering the amount of work to be completed, the amount of access to data and data processing. Week 1 4th January 2010 (1 week) Formulate Research Idea Week 2 11th February 2010 (1 week) Outline Aims and Objectives of Research Week 3 18th January 2010 (2 weeks) Literature Read Week 4 25th January 2010 Week 5 1st February 2010 (2 weeks) Start writing Literature Review Week 6 8th February 2010 Week 7 15th February 2010 (2 weeks) Collect Secondary and Primary Data Week 8 22nd February 2010 Week 9 1st March 2010 (2 weeks) Write up and Analysis of Data Week 10 8th March 2010 Week 11 15th March 2010 (1 week) Finish and submit draft for feedback Week 12 22nd March 2010 (1 week) Submit finished and corrected project The timetable should provide a rough outline for the completion of the project and will allow enough time to complete each section of the report.

South African Apartheid: Political Defiance Campaigns Against the Gover

After the National Party won the elections of 1948 and introduced legislative measures for the promotion of apartheid, harsher political repression arose and led to increased organization among blacks. Before the 1940s, society was often overwhelmed by the numerous acts of rebellion that many blacks carried out in their daily lives; however, many black organizations refrained from visible remonstration of the National Party government. In the 1950s until the mid-1990s, the significant shift to new black political tactics that stressed open protest became a driving force in the fight against apartheid. This new defiance campaign was composed mainly of actions on a wide-scale level in which black political organizations and civic associations took a powerful role in staging protests and creating mounting unrest. The most significant were political activities; even activities that were originally non-political forms of defiance inadvertently became politicized, such as criminal behavio rs prominently displayed by youth, squatter movements, and pass-law violations. Activities of political defiance included the organization of anti-apartheid parties such as the African National Congress, Pan-Africanist Congress, and United Democratic Front, and the politicization of labor unions and civic associations; constant government efforts were unable to suppress these actions. Black South Africans' acts of resistance, whether political or seemingly non-political, eventually united them in a massive fight against racial oppression which ultimately destroyed apartheid. The National Party’s main goal when it came into power was to create programs to prevent the escalation of the â€Å"black peril† that the Smuts government failed to repress. Immediate... ... Bonner, P. L. "Family, Crime, and Political Consciousness." Journal of South African Studies 14.3 (1988): 393-420. Print. Bonner, Phillip L. "The Politics of Black Squatter Movements on the Rand, 1944-1952." Radical History Review 46.7 (1990): 89-115. Print. Lembede, A. M. "Some Basic Principles of African Nationalism." Inyaniso Document 51 (1945): 314-18. Print. Marks, Shula, and Stanley Trapido. "South Africa Since 1976: A Historical Perspective." South Africa: No Turning Back (1988): 1-45. Print. "Sharpeville Massacre -- The 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre -- Build-up to the Massacre." African History -- Explore the History of Africa. Web. 07 April 2015. . South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid. Web. 07 April 2015. .

Kroisos vs Doryphoros :: Essays Papers

Kroisos vs Doryphoros The difference between an archaic statue such as Kroisos (fig. 5-11) and a classical statue such as Doryphoros (fig. 5-42) may not seem very great in a single glance. In fact, you may not notice any differences in that one glance. Yet, if you were to look at them closely, you can see that these two statues actually have very little in common. The first glance you’ve taken at those two statues, you just see a man standing there. They are not doing anything in particular, just standing there. That was only in the first glance of course. Now take a good look at each one. In the archaic Greek kouros figure, the pose of the figure is very frontal. The entire figure is relatively stiff with the exception of the left leg, which is in front of the body giving it the early contrapposto pose. Even though it does have a much more natural pose to it with the one leg out, the rest of the body is not in a pose as if the weight of the body was put into one leg. The head is stiff with the hair being geometric and with the hair falling back on the body. The physical stature of the body is moderately realistic. The muscles are not quite as well defined but they are still semi-realistic. They are portrayed as if they were tense. The arms are also at the side. In the other figure, Doryphoros, there seems to be much more expression. The contrapposto pose is very realistic. The weight is shifted all throughout the body. Arms are not stiff at the sides, but one is relaxed while the other is at a forty-five degree angle from the elbow. There is tension in the calf from the leg, which is being raised up. The torso is also somewhat at an angle because of the hips. The head is not frontal, but at an angle. The muscles are very defined but very relaxed. The hair is not naturally flowing, but not geometric. The emotion in the figures is also very different. In the archaic figure, the face contains emotion other than the archaic smile. The eyes are closed with no facial expression. The classical statue on the other hand does not have any facial expressions but has open eyes and no smile.

Essay --

Abraham Lincoln was an important figure who rose from being an uneducated man, to becoming the 16th president of the United States. Abraham Lincoln is also known for his determination towards ending slavery. One of Abraham Lincoln’s political accomplishments was issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. Before his presidency, Lincoln was not that knowledgeable about the military because he never really had a proper education when he was small. However, Lincoln’s entire presidency basically took place during the war. On January 1st ,1863, President Abraham Lincoln walked into his office and spotted a document on his desk which was given the name â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation†. The Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for the slaves in the southern states that were currently fighting against the United States. Lincoln was the one who wrote the first four pages of the original Emancipation Proclamation.He had no doubts of signing this document because he was much alerted about how important it was to be signed. As Lincoln signed this document, he stated, †I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right than I do in signing this paper.† Lincoln’s main goal during his presidency was to keep the United States unified. When word got out in the newspapers that the Proclamation was signed,everyone was excited.Henry Turner, a church minister who waited with a crowd of people at a newspaper office, described what he witnessed when everyone read the paper. He stated that â€Å"When people saw me coming with the paper in my hand, they raised a shouting cheer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I started to read the proclamation [but ] I was out of breath and could not read. Mr. Hinton to whom I handed the paper read it with great force and clearness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Men... ...h amendment banned slavery in any place in the United States.So,everyone had freedom.The fourteenth amendment in 1868 made it legal deny any citizen’s life,liberty, or property unless the law allowed it . Also,this amendment stated that every citizen has equal security under the law. And finally, the fifteenth amendment stated that it was against the law to forbid any one’s rights to vote due to their race, color or previous enslavement . All in all, The Emancipation Proclamation was the first step towards freedom. Abraham Lincoln certainly played a big role in letting the United States a slave free environment. Lincoln was a very determined man who believe that slavery was wrong. All of his determination paid off when congress passed three amendments to make sure of the rights of the African Americans. Lincoln is a dynamic figure who was constantly persistent.

Canon Business Analysis Essay

In 1925, a German camera maker named Oskar Barnack, developed a new, ground-breaking camera called the Leica. It was not until 1933 that a company responded to the success of Barnack’s creation and produced their own 35 millimeter version of his innovative design. Thus was born the Canon Company. By the 1950’s, Canon attained the title of leading producer of cameras in Japan. Since that time, Canon has made it a point to expand and diversify their company as much as possible. They are able to accomplish this primarily through a strong Research and Development program. Through this program, Canon has explored many different technologies such as home electronics and x-ray technology. One of the first product areas they explored was in the electronic calculator segment. Due to the complex nature of the technology, Canon’s engineers were forced to adapt and develop the intricate micro-electric processors that were being used. They were very successful in doing this. In late 1964, one year after their research started, Canon engineers presented top management with the finished product, the Canola 130. This product became the world’s first 10-key numeric pad calculator. However, Canon has not always succeeded in their endeavors. With every triumph comes a failure. One such instance was a printing device that utilized magnetic material that would coat the paper. They called this the Synchroreader. Although it was touted for its use of technology, the application, it was not patented. Another company took the design, improved it, and made it more affordable. Canon learned its lesson after that instance. Body In 1961, a new technology was developed by the Xerox Corporation. In the following years, with the success of their model 914 office copier, Xerox would enjoy a reported ninety three percent market share world wide. Xerox also had the advantage in that they held approximately five hundred patents. This tactic prevented other companies from intruding on their Plain Paper Copier (PPC) technology. Canon entered the market late in the 1960’s and was looked at with a skeptical eye. They were the â€Å"camera company from Japan† (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 75) and were not looked at as serious contenders in the photocopy market. Due to the PPC market being cornered by Xerox and their numerous patents, Canon instead moved into the Coated Paper Copying (CPC) market. This technology transfers the reflection of the original image directly to the special zinc oxide coated paper. This is in direct contrast from the PPC technology which uses regular paper and indirectly transfers the image using a rotating drum and charged particles. A similar technology is still being used in fax and photocopiers today. In 1962, while still in the inferior Coated Paper Copying and marketing under a separate name, the Top Management of Canon challenged their engineers to create a PPC process that would not infringe upon the patents held by Xerox. The engineers answered with the â€Å"New Process† in 1968 and became the first copier to carry the Canon name. Two years later the research came to fruition when the NP1100 was released in Japan. This model utilized dry toner and copied at a whopping rate of ten pages per minute. This, of course, is slow by today’s standards. Canon had finally broken into the PPC market. Riding on the success of this new technology, Canon released the NPL7 in 1972, marketing it exclusively to Japanese companies. This model contained several noticeable improvements over the first generation NP1100. Most notably is that the model was â€Å"More economical, more compact, more reliable,† while still keeping the same quality of copy. (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 77) Canon’s Top Management began looking for alternative markets for the Plain Paper Copier in the latter half of the 1970’s. The small office market was identified as Canon’s next target market. They devised a plan to accommodate this market by producing a photocopier, using PPC technology, and offering it to small businesses that did not require the large volume, high speed machines that were currently being offered on the market. The concept itself had the potential to change the market by decentralizing the office photocopier. Prior to this innovation, the photocopier in large offices were centralized to one corner of the office, primarily due to its mammoth size. In 1979, Canon’s concept became a resounding reality. They were able to produce a photocopier that not only met and exceeded the cost and reliability targets that were set by Top Management, but in a more practical application, it was able to reduce the need for constant and continual copier maintenance. Based upon previous experience with patent law, Canon employed the use those laws to protect their new found development. Through the years, Canon has demonstrated several core competencies that have enabled them to propel themselves to the top of the market. First and foremost, Canon has employed a pool of extremely talented engineers who made up Canon’s Research and Development team. Through their research, Canon was able to uncover new and innovative products. This varied product line, which included cameras, calculators, and photocopiers, demonstrates Canon’s diversified product line. This diverse line of merchandise is integral to the company’s survival and has enabled Canon to take a multifaceted approach to technological competition. The more diverse type of products that are offered, the more chances there are for success. This has not always worked out in Canon’s favor however. An example of this would be in the development of the synchroreader. Although the technology was much more advanced than what was on the market, poor marketing decisions and an ignorance of United States patent laws cost Canon that share of the market. Since that time, Canon has taken a step by step approach to their marketing strategies. This is especially apparent with the development and marketing of the NP110 copier. They began by distributing the unit in Japan only in a direct sales format. In doing so a company opens themselves up to the threat of collapse due to spreading themselves too thin. Secondly, we can surmise that an isolated marketing strategy, such as the one that Canon employed when marketing their copier to local Japanese dealers first, will be more effective in the long run. By distributing the product locally at first you can focus on close to home customers rather than across seas customers. Finally, a truly cost effective manufacturing process can be more beneficial at times than the products that come off the assembly lines themselves.

Hassan’s Story – A&P Case Study

question A Baru is using rally markings to identify the sexual urge of a skull. What two major types of surface marking do swot ups vex? final result Bone surface markings lie in of a) Depressions and openings and b) Processes. Depressions and openings are areas that form joints or areas that take on pass come on of soft meander, such as nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons. Processes are projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or holdfast points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons. headspring B why are Liu and Hassan move to find a metopic suture on an vainglorious skull? In which skull bone to metopic sutures come in? serve Soon after get the right and left sides of the frontal bone are united by the metopic suture. ordinarily the metopic suture disappears in the midst of the come ons of six and eight, so finding one on an handsome skull would be surprising. Question C What finespun squandered structures are found interior t he nasal bone cavity that might be absentminded from and excavated skull? execute Skeletal structures internal the nasal cavity that could be missing from an excavated skull would be septal cartilage, the vomer, the inferior nasal conchae and the perpendicular plate. Question D How would Hassan and his aggroup be able to tell the ages of the skeletal remains of the woman and the baby? fare Age can be estimated by examining the vertebral column. Average length for an adult female is around 24 inches in an adult male it is approximately 28 inches. The good number of vertebrae can likewise help determine age. During early ontogenesis there are 33 total vertebrae.This number decreases as people age because the 5 sacral vertebrae as head as the 4 coccygeal vertebrae begin to combine together. Fusion of the sacral vertebrae begins between the ages of 16 and 18 and is usually realised by age 30. The coccygeal vertebrae fuse when a person is between the age of 20 and 30. Question E What features of the vertebral column would the larger skeleton in the sarcophagus tape to indicate is was female? Answer In females, the coccyx points inferiorly to allow the public life of a baby during birth. In males, the coccyx points anteriorly.Question F What bone in the neck region other than cervical vertebrae may be change during choking or neck trauma? Answer The hyoid bone. Question G If the finger cymbals of a person found at the excavation site were missed up and out of sequence, how could the anthropologists determine which vertebrae were cervical, lumbar or thoracic? Answer Vertebrae in the diverse regions of the vertebral column vary in size, shape and detail. Question H Why would bones, with their punishing structure, be subject to and show signs of the disease that destroyed this community?Answer Bones are/were living tissue, albeit, hard on the outside. Visually, they would still show signs of lesions and tissue damage, plus DNA can be extracted and examin ed to determine the specific disease a person may have died from. Question I What structure passes through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae that would cause oddment if damaged as in the childs skeleton? Answer The dens, a peg-like performance on the body of C2, could cause death if forcefully driven into the medulla oblongata of the brain.